The Patriotism of the American Jew

Why knowledge, education and historical fact are desperatedly needed today.

"My sympathies are with this brilliant race.Centuries ago its nationality was destroyed in Palestine. It was dispersed over the face of the globe. The laws of almost all nations have discrimminated against it; and yet it has shown such marvelous vitality that it has made for itself a proud place."

Samuel W McCall, House of Representatives on the abrogation of the Russian Treaty, December,1911 

Some 70 years ago my grandmother Jesse Abromson, wife of my maternal grandfather Ben Levy passed away. 

My mother Beverly Roseman Levy -their only child-went to clear out their home as my grandfather moved to live in our home. 

Among my grandmothers belongings was a book presented to, her father, my great grandfather Hyman Abromson in 1929, by the then standing Member of the House of Representatives George Huddleston, entitled: "The Patriotism of the American Jew"  by Samuel W McCall.

Samuel Walker McCall served twenty years (1893–1913) as a member of the United States House of Representatives, and he was elected to be the 47th Governor of Massachusetts, serving three one-year terms (1916–1919). 

Later in life he authored the book "The Patriotism of the American Jew" which was published in 1924.  This book explored the historical and ongoing contributions of Jews to American society and our Jewish strong sense of patriotism. 

The book, revolutionary for its time during the post WWI  "Isolationism Period", marked by a desire to avoid entanglement in European conflicts and a focus on domestic affairs, a national desire that significantly shaped American foreign policy throughout the 1920s and 1930s.

During this period of American history was an Anti-immigrant sentiment, partly fueled by post-WWI anti-European feelings and concerns about economic competition. This period gave rebirth to the largest and most widespread iteration of the Klu Klux Klan. Its revival was significantly influenced by D.W. Griffith's 1915 film "Birth of a Nation," which glorified the original Klan. 

This "second Klan" expanded beyond the South and gained millions of members nationwide, particularly in the Midwest. It broadened its targets to include not only African Americans but also Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and others perceived as threats to "100% Americanism." 

This version of the hate filled Klan wielded significant political power in some areas. Its influence "only" waned by the end of the 1920s due to internal strife, public exposure of its violence, and changing societal attitudes.

American isolationism in the post-WWI era also had a profound and often devastating impact on Jewish communities, particularly in the context of the rise of fascisim and rising antisemitism in Europe. 

This period was characterized by restrictive immigration policies, public xenophobia, and a reluctance to intervene in international affairs, all of which limited the ability of the United States to offer refuge and aid to Jews facing persecution.

In light of the "Wave of Isolationism", Samuel W. McCall argued in his book "The Patriotism of the American Jew" published in 1924. That Jewish Americans have consistently demonstrated their loyalty and commitment to the United States while also maintaining connections to their cultural and religious heritage, particularly their relationship with Israel. 

McCall writes of  the historical and ongoing contributions of Jewish individuals to American society and how Jews have consistently demonstrated their loyalty and commitment to the United States while also maintaining connections to their cultural and religious heritage, particularly their relationship with Israel. 

The book highlighted how Jews have been involved in American history since its founding, participating in the Revolutionary War and how Jewish Americans have actively participated in civic life, military service, and various social movements, contributing to the nation's progress and development. 

The book addresses the common misconception of dual loyalty, arguing that Jewish Americans' connection to Israel does not diminish their patriotism towards the United States. 

The book emphasized that the Jewish connection to Israel is rooted in cultural, historical, and religious ties, which are natural expressions of identity and heritage, not a conflict of loyalty. 

"The Patriotism of the American Jew" serves as a testament to the rich history of Jewish contributions to American society and challenges any notions of conflicting loyalties. 

Furthermore, It underscored the idea that one can be both a proud American while being deeply connected to our Jewish heritage and Israel.

William Shakespeare and Shylock

As a retired English teacher who once, some 50 odd years ago, wrote a dissertation regarding the antisemitism found in Shakespeares portrayal of Shylock in the Merchant of Venice. I wanted to clarify for those who skipped English Literature lessons.

I wish to re emphasize the effect of the reformation and the Catholic versus Protestant conflict of the era and how there were NO schools for the middle and lower classes so theatrical plays were just not plays at this period in History but were written to teach virtue and morality.

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in the year 1564, the exact date of his birth is unknown.

Shakespeare is often referred to as England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (referring to his birthplace on the River Avon) as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist
His father, John Shakespeare, was a successful glove-maker and alderman.
He married Anne Hathaway in 1582, and they had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.

Shakespeare began his career in London as an actor and playwright, rising to prominence in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He was a founding member and shareholder of the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later renamed The King's Men under King James I), one of the most successful theatre companies of its time.

Shakespeare wrote approximately 38 plays, including comedies, tragedies, and histories.

Some of his most famous plays include:

• Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar
• Comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It
• Histories: Richard III, Henry IV (Parts 1 & 2), Henry V

He also wrote numerous sonnets and narrative poems.

Shakespeare's works are renowned for their profound exploration of the human condition, their rich language, and their enduring relevance. He coined many words and phrases that are still in use today, significantly impacting the English language.
His plays are performed and studied more often than those of any other playwright in history, and his influence on literature, theatre, and culture is immense.

Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616, in Stratford-upon-Avon, at the age of 52, and was buried in Holy Trinity Church.

Regarding "Shylock"

As I mentioned in my previous post,(on Facebook). Readers or those who see the play, need to understand and comprehend the playwright and the time period (pre 1600) and place where it was written and for WHOM it was written.
Those who know and understand fully the History of Elizabetan era England, know that the period was deeply shapened by the religious upheavals of the Reformation.

Only those knowledgeable of the Era can fully understand the gest of the famous high dramaticly charged soliloquy by Shylock in Act 3 Scene 1, of "The Merchant of Venice". The speech is spoken in termnology that was intended for those of the lower class audience members to understand. Shakespeare was a genius in his ability to craft language that resonated with all levels of society.

While England was officially Protestant, under Elizabeth I, the memory of Catholicism was still fresh, and religious identity was intensely scrutinized.

Having been massacred, in 1290 in York, England and those who remained expelled. Jews were NOT officially readmitted until the 17th century.

This absence, from Christian English society, paradoxically, often fueled misconceptions and reinforced negative stereotypes inherited from centuries of European anti-Judaism, particularly from Christian theological perspectives that often demonized Jews as "Christ-killers" or figures of usury.

The play, therefore, operates within a society where anti-Jewish sentiment was very prevalent and largely unchallenged.

Shylock's soliloquy uses relatively straightforward, visceral language to articulate his humanity and his suffering:

"Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?" These are universal human attributes.

"Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is?" These are common human experiences.

"If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?" These are direct, undeniable physiological reactions.

This directness ensured that even the groundlings, those lower class uneducated Englishmen and women standing in the pit of the Globe, could grasp the fundamental assertion of shared humanity, even if their societal prejudices might still lead them to condemn Shylock.

While entertainment was certainly a goal, the function of theatre in Elizabethan England plays often served didactic purposes.
They explored moral dilemmas, showcased the consequences of various actions, and reinforced societal values (or, in some cases, subtly challenged them).

The Merchant of Venice can be seen as engaging with questions of justice, mercy, revenge, and the nature of prejudice.

The portrayal of Shylock as a Jewish moneylender, while undeniably problematic from a modern perspective, can be argued to have, perhaps unintentionally, revealed the hypocrisy and cruelty inherent in the treatment of outsiders, even as it played into existing stereotypes.

The "virtue" being taught in the play might have been Christian mercy, which is intentionally contrasted with the "Pound of Flesh" "vengeance" demanded by Shylock.
In his plays, Shakespeare masterfully wove together social commentary, historical context, and accessible language to create a powerful and enduring piece of theatre.

Therefore the "full gist" of Shylock's soliloquy truly does lie in understanding the specific cultural and religious landscape of Elizabethan England, and the function of theatre within that society.

The creation of the USA and the Jews

To begin with, one must note that the Jewish communities in colonial America and the early United States were small and primarily concentrated in port cities like; New York (New Amsterdam), Newport, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Savannah.

Several Jewish communities established synagogues (like Touro Synagogue in Newport, Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, and Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim in Charleston), which served not only as houses of worship but also as vital community centers, providing social and religious functions. 

These institutions atypically reinforced Jewish identity while also demonstrating their commitment to establishing permanent roots in the new nation.

Before the revolutionary period, the vast majority of Jewish communities were comprized largely of Sephardic Jews, many of the early arrivals were those who fled the Inquistion in Spain and Portugal. Many of these "wandering Jews"-a Nation of people who were refugees from their land, had previously fled to the Netherlands, Brazil, and the West Indies, followed only later by Ashkenazi Jews from Germany and England.

Early Jewish communities actively challenged discriminatory laws and practices that limited their rights, such as restrictions on voting or holding public office. 

Asser Levy in New Amsterdam (later New York) famously fought for the right of Jews to serve guard duty and be admitted as Burghers in the mid-17th century, setting an early precedent for equal rights.

Levy was the first Jew to "officially" own a house in North America.  As early as 1661, he purchased real estate in Fort Orange; he was also the earliest Jewish owner of real estate in New York City, his transactions there commencing in June 1662 with the purchase of land on South William Street. 

Within ten years of his arrival Levy had become a man of consequence, and when, in 1664, the wealthiest inhabitants were summoned to lend the city money for fortifications against the English, he was the only Jew among them: he lent the city 100 florins.

His Christian fellow citizens had in his honesty appears frequently from the court records. Property in litigation was put into his custody; he is named as executor in the wills of Christian merchants, and figures as both administrator and trustee in colonial records. His influence was not confined to New York; in the colonial records of Connecticut he appears as intervening to obtain the remission of a fine imposed upon a Jew there. The court remitted the fine with the comment that it did so "as a token of its respect to the said Mr. Asser Levy." 

As a distinct religious minority in a predominantly Protestant society, Jews often found themselves at the forefront of the fight for religious freedom. Their presence and their desire for equal rights pushed the Founding Fathers to articulate and implement broader principles of religious liberty than might otherwise have been the case.

Despite their small numbers, Jews played an active role in the economic life of the colonies as merchants and traders. 

They also largely supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution particularly in demonstrating and advocating for the principles of religious liberty and in offering financial and logistical support to the Patriot cause.

Many Jews served in the Continental Army and local militias. While exact figures are hard to ascertain,it has been estimated that approximately 100 Jews fought in the Revolutionary War.

Some of the most noteable Jews during the Revolutionary War period: 

Perhaps the most famous Jewish contributor to the creation of the USA was, Haym Salomon who was a Polish-born Jewish financier and broker in Philadelphia. who ould count the first president, George Washington, among his friends. 

It documented that he loaned hundreds of thousands of dollars to the revolutionary cause – millions in today’s dollars.

 

It is also well documented that he would make private loans to prominent statesmen and historical figures like James Madison, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. Sources differ, saying he either charged them no interest or interest well below market rates.

He became a crucial financial agent for the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War.

• He helped convert French loans into hard currency.
• He brokered large donations to the Patriot cause.
• He provided personal loans to prominent statesmen like James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (often without charging interest), helping them stay in public service.
• His efforts were vital in securing the funds needed to conduct the war and operate the government in its immediate aftermath. It's often said that he died penniless due to his extensive financial sacrifices for the cause.

Francis Salvador was an early and prominent Jewish Patriot. He was the first Jew elected to public office in the colonies (South Carolina Assembly) and is considered the first Jew to die fighting for American independence, killed in an ambush by Loyalists and Cherokee Indians in 1776.

Mordecai Sheftall was a prominent revolutionary leader from Savannah, Georgia, who served as the head of the local revolutionary committee and later as Deputy Commissary General for Federal troops, responsible for provisioning soldiers. He and his son were captured and imprisoned by the British.

Isaac Moses of Philadelphia, was a Jewish ship owner, who outfitted privateers to disrupt British shipping and engaged in blockade running to supply the Continental forces with vital provisions.

Let us take heed and hote those views of the "founding fathers":

John Adams:

 Adams often expressed high praise for the Jews and their historical impact, calling them "the most glorious nation that ever inhabited the earth" and acknowledging their profound influence on civilization. He even expressed proto-Zionist sentiments, hoping for the return of Jews to their homeland in Israel. However, it's also noted that Adams, like many Enlightenment thinkers, harbored the expectation that Jews would eventually assimilate or even "convert" to a more "liberal Unitarian Christian" perspective.

Thomas Jefferson:

Jefferson was a strong advocate for the "wall of separation between church and state," a principle that greatly benefited Jews by ensuring religious freedom. However, in private correspondence, Jefferson also expressed some belittling views of Judaism as a faith, accusing it of having a "degrading and injurious" understanding of God that "needed reformation." This highlights the distinction between their political ideals of religious liberty and their personal theological views.

Benjamin Franklin: 

While a fraudulent document (the "Franklin Prophecy") later attempted to portray him as anti-semite. Documented historical evidence suggests Franklin generally advocated for religious tolerance and inclusivity. It is documented that he donated to help Philadelphia's oldest formal Jewish congregation

The most famous "landmark statemen", and most powerful articulation of the nation's commitment to religious pluralism of the Founding Fathers' vision for religious freedom, was George Washington's Letter in response, to the "Hebrew Congregation" of the Touro Synagogue (1790) in Newport, Rhode Island.

Washington wrote:

"It is now no more that toleration is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people, that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens, in giving it on all occasions their effectual support."

He added, "May the Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid."

Washington's words moved beyond the European concept of "toleration" (which implied that a majority religion merely permitted others to exist) to a declaration of inherent natural rights for all citizens, regardless of their faith.

In conclusion : 

While no Jews signed the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, due to their small numbers and the nascent stage of full political integration, their active participation and the principles they embodied played a crucial role in shaping the American experiment. 

Their contributions, particularly in the realm of financial support and their insistence on full religious liberty, directly influenced the unique American framework that separated church and state and guaranteed freedoms that were revolutionary for their time. 

Their contributions, can be witnessed in the historical documentation the U.S. Founding Fathers, which were inspired and driven by the ideals of Enlightenment and practical considerations for forming a diverse nation. These consideratons laid the groundwork for unprecedented religious freedom for Jews in America. 

While some still held personal theological reservations about Judaism as a faith, their public pronouncements and the constitutional framework they established ensured that Jews would be treated as full citizens with equal rights, rather than merely "tolerated." 

This commitment to religious liberty was a radical and transformative aspect of the American founding.